Analysis of General Theories of History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of General Theories of History - Essay Example Experiences from one generation to another do not vary greatly; thereby it is important to learn lessons from the overall course of history. The first attempt to record the science of history was undertaken by the Greeks about twenty-five hundred years ago. The need to comprehend history and translate its effects into the future does not arise in societies with long-standing and relatively steady social structures. Such a state of affairs is not given much consideration. However, when societies face sudden drastic turmoil which triggers changes in the social structure, then understanding the underlying motives which led to the change becomes imperative. Usually wars, travelling, trade and colonization result in an entirely different culture being imposed on the society which they come into contact with. This forced integration of diverse cultures culminates in a clash between different social strata; so it becomes crucial to identify and comprehend the sources and foundations of such oppositions. Men of knowledge compare and contrast various sorts of governments and social structures in an attempt to resolve differences and bring harmony to the society. It is obvious that conflict resolution is not possible unless conflict description and diagnosis are accurate enough. The role and responsibility of creating accurate problem diagnosis is within the domain of political theorists. Neither has history been created nor have our social structures evolved in accordance with a pre-defined plan. Nature has not dictated the course of events rather it is the people who compose societies who chose their cultural norms, established various institutions and developed ideologies. It is time to realize that the human nature itself is determined by changes in life and labour. History has been shaped by economic progress, division of society in different social-economic strata, changes in condition of labour, advancements in production and trading. In this respect there have be en a number of different contributions to thought on political history from various quarters. The evolution of political history in its current forms can be seen as deriving from the Age of Enlightenment where thinkers such as Hegel and Kant picked up the gauntlet to define history in such a manner. This work was carried on later by numerous others including Karl Marx who has had a major impact on the modern day given his role in the creation of a communist ideology. In more modern terms, the earliest thoughts on the philosophy of history derived from the views and work of Kant. He held that humanity had been driven into its current state of autonomy through the use of enlightened despotism (Kant, 1991) (Murphy, 1994). Kant’s views on the issue can be seen more clearly through his work titled Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose. Kant produced a paradoxical picture by expounding on the one hand that national liberation was only possible through enlightened despotism while ultimate autonomy rested entirely with the individual’s will to gain it (Williams, 1992). Kant recognised that history ensured that progress had to come in human affairs but Kant’s method of delineating the mechanism remains self-contradictory (Hampsher-Monk, 1993). Strangely he holds that liberation lies solely through

Using Roles Paper Essay Example for Free

Using Roles Paper Essay This paper will discuss a better way to control user access to data is to tie data access to the role a user plays in an organization. It will cover the value of separating duties in the organization. Then discuss the value of using roles to segregate the data and system access needs of individuals in the organization. Then describe in detail why a role-based access control system (RBAC) would be the best way to accomplish this. Finally, how to handle distributed trust management issues for users going to or from business partner networks. The value of separation of duties is an essential security standard that certifies that a specific user does not have a proficiency to misuse his or her capabilities or make substantial oversights. No user should have the influence to cause destruction acting on his or her acknowledge. The security standard is not confined to computer systems and has been in use in modern society for eras. Allocating that function into separate steps is crucial for the purpose to work, or for the command that enables that function to be neglected. Splitting the roles across multiple departments and different locations can help subsidize duty to reducing fundamental threat. At the same time separations of duty limitations have been composed into an information system, users are looking for ways around the access authorizations because of pressure. In large organizations it is the role of the auditor to detect these intervals of control but often this is an unattainable assignment. Whenever it is difficult to segregate, other devices such as monitoring of activities, audit trails should be anticipated. It is important that security audit stays impartial. RBAC model provides a wide scope throughout a company to control method for managing IT assets although still sustaining the most wanted level of security. Role-based permissions can be inserted and renovated quickly across multiple systems, applications and wide range of sites right from the IT department’s laptop or desktop. RBAC systems are constructed to extend functioning occurrence and tactical business ethic. It can modernize and computerize many transactions and business functions and provide users with the resources to achieve their job swifter with the user holding more accountability. Providing the RBAC system, an organization  can live up to their potentials for discretion and secrecy. IT personnel and supervisors can observe how data is being used and edited based on real world needs. With RBAC system being used HR can enter new hires brisker and can lock out an employee for access areas not required to perform his or her job. It also helps employees with their effectiveness and production by purging the redundancy and admin tasks under other security systems. Most companies do not want to take the time to setup th is system. It is tidiest practices that take time to acquire and manage the appropriate way. If a company invests in time to implement that framework of RBAC it will pay off in the end. Overseeing the level of confidence is a crucial security requirement. Trust management comprises of trust creation, prosecution, and examining. Once a trust agreement is determined and utilized to administer the inter-organizational security policy. It is imperative that none of the trust agreements concedes or encounter with current personnel organization’s policies and limitations. The relationship should balance rather than switch current local security policies. A security restriction, in its general use, states that confines someone from doing something. It is proposed to provide system integrity. It is also defined to describe incomparable security roles, such as sequential limitations. The limitation may safeguard the sincerity of a requester based on information stowed in the auditing archive. It may also assess the constancy of a operation by taking into account the location, time, and risk correlated with the operation. In a consensus, self-assurance limitations are used to differentiate an un-safe state. The intrusion also can be handled by evolving exceptions or events, which spawn some counter-measure rules. These rules act upon actions, such as sensitive data filtering, query modification before administering demands, and cryptographic procedures. A trust agreement represents affiliations between cooperating organizations concerning security and expectation of policies. To institute a trust understanding, a source contributor organization and a resource requestor establishment would cooperate with each other to explain a set of security strategies and limits that they conjointly agree to administer. The conferred trust arrangement encompasses, rules should require the certification amenity, which associates would be diagramed to which distinct role, and what limitati ons coupled with the diagramming. Cooperate with each  other’s business requirement for an agreement to be precise clearly in requisites of what subcategory of his or her assets they are prepared to divulge to whom, and how they can safeguard messages from a risk, at the function level. Notice that in this work the expectation arrangement condition reports only the security-related concerns such as certificate-based authentication. Additional categories of inter-organizational policies, such as observing or deterrence of non-compliance and retribution of policy defilement, are critical, but beyond the capacity of this study. The structural design entails of a network of Trusted Collaboration (TC) nodes, which intermingle as colleagues in the network. A TC node is an established of hardware and software beneath the management and influence of a company. Substantially, a TC node is shielded by using innovative router and firewall equipment, which facilitate and regulation the traffic stream into and out of the TC node. It implements the security policies and limitations dependable with the security goals and necessities of an company. Also accomplishes protected distribution of its resources based on its recognized trust affiliations with the TC nodes of its cooperating associates. Each Trusted Collaboration (TC) node is capable of establishing trust and contractual relationships with others without resorting to a centralized controller. This trust report will be exhausted to make authentication and authorization choices for assistance demands. A user in a TC node can have access to the protected resources in another TC node, possibly through multiple intermediary TC nodes. In conclusion, the paper covered the value of separating duties in the organization. Then went over using roles to segregate the data and system access needs of individuals in the organization and why a role-based access control system would be the best way to accomplish this. Setting a process can help distribute trust management issues for the users going to or from business partner networks. Developing a role-based system helps personnel know what his or her roles are in order to complete the job at hand. Creating way personnel can only access duties that have to do with their department and not get into another part of the system without getting permission first. References O’Brien, J. A., Marakas, G. M. (2011). Management information systems (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Stallings, W., Brown, L. (2012) Computer security: Principles and practice (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Whitman, M. E., Mattord, H. J. (2010). Management of information security (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Course Technology/Cengage Learning.

Ecstasy: A Drug That Can Kill :: Illegal Drugs Essays

Ecstasy: A Drug That Can Kill missing works cited Three years ago, Mark*, now a college junior, went to a Dave Mathews concert in Boston with a few friends. He was 18 at the time, and about a half-hour before the concert started, they all decided to take a pill of the drug Ecstasy. This was Mark’s first time taking the drug, so he didn’t fully know what to expect. They chose what is called the â€Å"speedy† type, commonly used at raves and parties rather than the â€Å"dopey† type, which is known to give more of a slow, relaxing feeling. â€Å"Seriously, you get this warm fuzzy feeling that runs up your back, and a feeling that everything in life is right. Your jaw begins to clench and you love chewing on stuff†¦gum, straws, candy,† he said. The feelings that Mark experienced are typical effects of the drug. His most intense feelings lasted about three hours, and the overall feeling of the drug remained for about six to seven hours. Yet the feelings of contentment abruptly ended when he awoke the next day. â€Å"The next day was the most horrible day of my life,† he said. â€Å"All the happiness that was triggered in your brain is drained and you’re left with nothing.† Over eight million people aged 12 and older reported using the â€Å"club† drug ecstasy at least once in their lifetime, according to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), an information source on the consequences, patterns, and prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use and abuse in the general U.S. population, age 12 and older. Methylenedioxymethamephetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, is a synthetic psychoactive drug used for its elated and hallucinogenic causes. Formally used to assist psychotherapy in the 1970s, it is now banned in the United States. Although illegal, it is rapidly rising in popularity in the United States, particularly among teenagers and young adults. Taken orally in a tablet or capsule, snorted, or injected, it generally takes 30 to 40 minutes to take effect and lasts about three to six hours, although some side effects can occur weeks after taking the drug. Ecstasy’s psychological side effects include confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety, and paranoia. Like Prozac, it causes an elevation in serotonin, a chemical in the brain which triggers happy feelings in people. Some physical side effects are muscle tension, teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, chills, or sweating.

Art Analysis Paper :: essays research papers

Art Analysis Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first painting analyzed was North Country Idyll by Arthur Bowen Davis. The focal point was the white naked woman. The white was used to bring her out and focus on the four actual colored males surrounding her. The woman appears to be blowing a kiss. There is use of stumato along with atmospheric perspective. There is excellent use of color for the setting. It is almost a life like painting. This painting has smooth brush strokes. The sailing ship is the focal point because of the bright blue with extravagant large sails. The painting is a dry textured flat paint. The painting is evenly balanced. When I look at this painting, it reminds me of settlers coming to a new world that is be founded by its beauty. It seems as if they swam from the ship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second painting was by George W. Bellows and named Shoghead. This painting brought a sense of ease and relaxation. I can picture myself on the top of the mountain listening to the waves crash on the sides. The open countryside topped by the clouds give the painting a sense of realism. The extremely bright blue water stands out the most, though the focal point is not clear. There is not an excessive use of paint. It is as if Bellows caked it on his brush and made quick short strokes. The use of such dark colors on the hill is a mystery. The terrain has a roughness that makes the painting come to life. The artist did a great job of showing the depth. If I had to guess, he was influenced by Picasso’s work because of the extensive use of thick point.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third painting was by Julian Story and it was called American Born in England. It was a battle painting. The black prince stands out as the focal point. It is the center of the painting and brings notice to the way the other knights are dressed. The Black Knight (the Prince of Wales) stands overlooking King John, who is blind. King John wanted to be in the battle for his country. The background (depth) is shown in the distance by atmospheric perspective. There is a sense of honor in the knight for the king. There is a great use of color. The painting is very life like. The picture seems to come to life, making me feel as if I were part of the painting!

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People exploring new experiences will have to overcome many challenges, and will undergo personal growth. ‘Into the World' can be interpreted as outlooks of growing up and adjustment into new stages of a person's life. It can mean changing normally, or having to change without any choice In the matter. In either case, any person exploring new experiences will encounter challenges, but along the way they will undergo personal growth. This is apparent In the prescribed text, The Story of TomBrenna' by J Burke, as well as my chosen text, ‘The Arrival' by Shawn Tan. The Idea of ‘new experiences' may not always begin positively. For Instance, In Burke's novel, The Story of Tom Brenna', one disastrous accident made him and his family to leave their hometown of Mumble, forcing every character to go through an emotional release. This provokes Tom to become very reserved and distant as he grows resentful and bitter of the whole predicament and progressively being pushed â₠¬Å"back Into that big, black hole†.He becomes very depressed, reclusive and alienated as he attempts to deal with the situation that his brother, Daniel, has caused. The author projects Tom's thoughts, emotions, perceptions and opinions through a large range of techniques. The audience is aware of Tom's growing guilt through the technique of first person writing (on page 124). â€Å"Like I said, that was a low point. † The believable, grammatical, impressionistic voice of the teenage narrator creates a confidential allegations with the readers, as well as keeping them engaged.It also gives us insight into Tom's inner most thoughts. As Tom plunges into intense feelings of guilt and animosity, he becomes numb to the struggles the other members of his family are facing. One of the most effective and engaging techniques used by the author to capture the reader's attention, is the use of flashbacks. The Story of Tom Brenna is a nonlinear narrative, and this is first evident in the prologue, which has a reflective tone, when it

Assess the dramatic effect of Eva Smith in relation to two of the characters in An Inspector Calls Essays

Assess the dramatic effect of Eva Smith in relation to two of the characters in An Inspector Calls Essays Assess the dramatic effect of Eva Smith in relation to two of the characters in An Inspector Calls Essay Assess the dramatic effect of Eva Smith in relation to two of the characters in An Inspector Calls Essay Essay Topic: Literature We are halfway through Act Three of An Inspector Calls by J. B. Priestley. The Inspector has, just as eerily and spookily as he arrived, exited the home of the Birling family. His provocation of the revelations that have been forced out by all members of the family including Sheilas husband-to-be Gerald, has left them bewildered and as very different people to the happy family group they were a few hours previously. In this play, the Inspector has very prominently acted as the representative for Eva Smith, who has apparently died tragically this night. We are given a few details about this girl she was country-born and was blessed with soft brown hair and dark brown eyes and a pretty appearance. Taking into account the fact that Eva is a young woman to whom we have never spoken and who does not physically enter this play at all she is but a diary, a photograph and a story how exactly has she managed to affect these five lives so colossally? I will focus on the reactions of and the effect upon Arthur and Sheila Birling father and daughter. It appears that, ironically, the Birling family has once again been split. At the beginning of the play, the audience remembers the men together in the drawing room, sharing drinks and talking of success. Mr. Birling, father of Eric and Sheila, is obviously a businessman with a very capitalist nature and way of thinking, given his mission statement working together for lower costs and higher prices as he lectures Gerald and Eric. Maybe this personality flaw is what has caused him to continue being stubborn and disbelieving towards Inspector Goole, now that he has gone. What does Mr. Birling care that Eva has died, and that, as pointed out by the Inspector, neither he nor his wife, son, daughter or her fiance an ever even say Im sorry, Eva Smith? It seems Arthur Birlings pompous and selfish attitude is stronger than his feelings of guilt. Even before Mr. Birling realises that the unfair and unjustified, abrupt dismissal of Eva from Birling Company two years ago, following her request for a rise and the ensuing workers strike, contributed to her death, he says, its a perfectly straightforward case, and as it happened more than eighteen months ago obviously it has nothing to do with the wretched girls suicide! The use of the word wretched is very damning and disrespectful of Eva, especially considering Mr. Birlings own input into her death. Of his refusal to grant Eva the couple of shillings more that she requested, he says, if you dont come down sharply on some of these people, theyd soon be asking for the Earth! He does not realise how much of the Earth he himself has actually taken, until the Inspector wittily replies, after all its better to ask for the Earth than to take it. It appears that Inspector Goole has managed to stir up some feelings of panic in Mr. Birling though as youd imagine they are not related to Evas tragic death or his involvement in it. He is, in fact, worrying again about his social standing and prestige. He has discovered that, to keep Eva and the child they were expecting before she died, Arthurs son, Eric, had been stealing money from Birling Company to give to her. Mr. Birling knows that as soon as Eva realised the money she was being given was stolen, she refused to take any more. He still, however, hurriedly insists that Eric give him a record of those accounts so that he can cover thi s up as soon as possible. Mr. Birlings driving concern is his own self-interest. Theyll be a public scandal, he says tactlessly. Here we note how hes prepared to pay out thousands to keep the scandal quiet. Mr. Birling is more concerned with the embarrassment he would face if it was to arise that Eric had stolen some of the companys money, rather than his own sons deceit and his reasons for taking the money in the first place. After all, any revelations about Birling Co. would surely hinder Arthur Birlings chance of being knighted. If we keep track of Birlings behaviour ever since the point of the Inspectors exit, we notice his relief at the point when the family begins to question the identity of the Inspector. When it becomes apparent that Gerald has actually established that Inspector Goole is not a registered member of the force, Mr. Birling cheers up considerably! Obviously the reason for this is his comfort in thinking there might still be a chance of knighthood for him. Surely the majority of his family would simply be relieved that the untoward parts they played in the life of a young woman were not cumulative and there has in fact been no actual death? Mrs. Birling certainly takes this view, apparently forgetting that the family members did do what they did, and says of her children, In the morning theyll be as amused as we are. However, Sheila Birling, Arthurs daughter, is considerably more affected by the revelations than her father. For Eva, whether or not she exists or did exist, has proved to be a poignant learning curve for Sheila in relation to her temper and the way she acts in relation to others. Sheila, of course, was a regular customer at the department store called Milwards when Eva was enjoying a fairly steady, well-paid job there. Sheila was being adamant and very stubborn towards her mother and insisted that she try on a dress shed seen. Sheila had been in a furious temper that day anyway, and we realise later that it was because her partner Gerald had been having an affair (or so she suspected). Sheilas mother and the sales assistant, Miss Francis, had both advised Sheila that to try the dress on would be a mistake, but she had insisted. After having tried the dress on, Sheila knew immediately that the two had been right all along, and that the dress did not flatter her at all. Sheila described how this girl [Eva] had brought the dress up from the workroom, and when the assistant Miss Francis had asked her something about it, to show us what she meant, she had helped the dress up, as if she was wearing it. Sheila said it just suited her and that she was jealous of her figure and her dark eyes. Then, when Sheila was looking at herself in the dress, she caught sight of Eva smiling at Miss Francis. Becoming furious and taking the smile the wrong way, Sheila promptly demanded to see the manager and insisted that, unless they fired Eva, she would boycott the store forever. Sheila used her power as the daughter of a respected customer to make life difficult and miserable for Eva. This, we are told by the Inspector, was Evas final steady job she was never employed again. From Act One of the play, we could see that something was very wrong in the relationship between Sheila and her father, simply because of their difference in personality. When her father egotistically states his capitalist views and opinions on the working world and society in general, Sheila is at the forefront of protest. She says, but these girls arent cheap labour theyre people! I think that, from Sheilas siding with Eric following the departure of the Inspector and her reluctance to believe that the whole affair was simply a hoax, she has learnt more from the story (and definitely the possible reality) of Eva Smith and her plight, that any other member of her family. I suppose were all nice people now, says Sheila sarcastically. She means, of course, to mock the attitude of her family and her fianci in realisation of their involvement with Eva Smith and her death. Much to her dismay, disbelief and disappointment, they cling onto their last shreds of dignity in a way that only self-centred narcissistic people do (Was he really a police Inspector? How do we know any girl killed herself today? ) and attempting to erase the previous few hours. Mr. Birling even offers the men a drink! Sheila, however, is adamant that she will prove her point that each one of them still has a great deal to be sorry for. Sheila is just as uncertain as any of the other family members as to whether or not Eva existed as one girl or as five but the mysterious figure of Eva has affected her deeply. It doesnt alter the fact that we all helped to kill her, she says. In my opinion, Sheila is right! Inspector Goole acts very much as the voice of J. B. Priestley and of Eva Smith; especially during his final speech when he told the family, there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us all intertwined with our lives we dont live alone. Mr Birling needs to have taken note of the Inspectors lesson, in which he warned people of being taught in fire and blood and anguish if they did not begin to realise how their apparently trivial or self-righteous actions have significant effects on others around them. Despite Sheilas pleas and analytical attitude towards the Inspectors speech and his presence, Mr. Birling and his wife typically endeavour to pass her words off as childish misunderstanding: Really, from the way you children [Eric and Sheila] talk, you might be wanting to help him instead of us! However, is the reality of that statement so ridiculous? I certainly feel that the intentions of the Inspector and Eva Smith, whoever they were, were to remind them to help each other and to help others in society, however far beneath them in terms of social hierarchy they are considered to be. Eva, whether real or imaginary (and the feeling of her existence is certainly very strong), is a very touching archetype of societys in difference, maybe even hatred, of others around them. This applies most fully to people of supposedly high social status people like Arthur Birling and his family who live in large houses and drink expensive port. Mr. Birling does not see that the Inspector has proved his society and all that nonsense theory to be absolutely incorrect. At the very end of Act Three, the telephone to the Birling household rings, and it is spookily confirmed that a girl has in fact died at the Infirmary that very night. Priestley describes the shock of the family members as they stare, guiltily. This is effective because every one of them is, in one way or another, guilty. The telephone call really seems to confirm the fact that the selfishness of each member of the Birling family and Gerald Croft, although maybe not quite so heavily in his case, has contributed to the death of a young woman. This brings the audience to the (intensely dramatic) end of the play, and we cannot help but wonder how the lives of the family will fare following this incident and the series of incidents during their recent years. We have been led to believe that Eva and her fate has brought about the possibility of Sheila and Eric changing their attitudes and the ways in which they react to members of society around them. Sheilas involvement with Eva Smiths death was the result of her very strong temper and the fact that she misused her high status to induce problems in the life of another. Eva Smith and her story will hopefully have caused her to rethink her actions and their possible consequences. Her brother Erics life had become intertwined with Evas when he was intoxicated at the Palace Variety Bar, and picked her up. Eric is a character whose life seems to have become very difficult and complicated it may have taken someone like Eva to make him change his ways and think about his disregard for everything rational and caring. The audience hopes, however, that the person upon whom Eva Smith has had the most dramatic effect is Arthur Birling. It is rather saddening to watch the family having had such an experience, almost a blessing, with a prophet such as Inspector Goole and his interrogation. This is because he has taught Arthur, Sybil, Sheila, Eric and Gerald a very valuable lesson, which half of the family has apparently taken no note of whatsoever. It is apparent that Eva Smith, Daisy Renton or whoever it was coming into contact with the Birling family over the said period of time may not exist, but this has not stopped her from having an extremely consequential effect on five people. Priestley has, fully intentionally of course, left us wondering if the Birlings will think about their effect upon people around them or whether they will have to be taught their lesson of concern for those of lower social standing in fire, blood and anguish.

The History of Electricity Essay Example

The History of Electricity Essay Example The History of Electricity Essay The History of Electricity Essay The History of Electricity Name: Institution: Course: Date: The History of Electricity The discovery and development of electricity is long, beginning from early Greece, where Thales discovered that a person could produce an electric charge by rubbing amber with cloth ancient people also discovered magnetism. They observed that lodestone attracted iron. The Chinese discovered the magnetic compass, and Peregrius discovered the polarity of the magnet (Baigrie, 2007). Since then, many individuals have contributed to the current knowledge of electricity. William Gilbert contributed to the knowledge of electricity. He was the first to use the term ‘electric’. He dispelled the myth that surrounded magnetic rock during his time. People believed that the magnetic rock contained some magical powers. Gilbert was able to add to the knowledge concerning magnetism, noting that magnets only attracted iron. He created the versorium, which he used to test the presence of electricity in an object. He was able to distinguish between static electricity and magnetism, somethi ng that the people had not been able to do during his time (Leavitt Fisher, 2011). In the seventeenth century, Otto von Guericke conducted experiments that generated electricity. He created a machine that generated electricity, and showed how one could transmit electricity using a wet string. In the eighteenth century, Stephen Gray performed experiments, and he discovered electrical conductivity. He found out how electricity could transmit to another body. His work inspired Charles du Fay, who later discovered that everything contained electricity. Pieter van Musschenbroek invented the Leyden jar, which he used to store electricity for later use. This paved way for the creation of capacitors, used in electrical appliances. Although many people recognize Benjamin Franklin as the father of electricity, his work only added to a growing list of people who had worked to develop electricity. Benjamin Franklin discovered developed a lightning rod in 1752, providing a basis for the application of electricity. Alessandro Volta invented the first source of DC in 1800, through his invention of the electric battery. He did this by placing a paper, which was coated with zinc and copper on opposite sides, in salted water, thus producing electric current. He followed Luigi Galvani’s work, who had discovered that placing a dead frog near an electric machine made it twitch. Volta’s discovery was useful because it created a form of electricity that flowed steadily. Volta showed how different chemical reactions produced electricity. Volta showed electricity could travel to different places using a wire. He linked connectors that were positively charged with ones that were negatively charged, and this was the first transmission of electricity. Many people were interested in different aspects of electricity since they did not understand it. While others concentrated on how it worked, others were concerned with how it could be used, and others concentrated on how it could be stored. Charl es de Coulomb concentrated on measuring the electricity and magnetism generated in a circuit. Andrew Ampere was concerned with how to measure electric current. Michael Faraday discovered that one could produce electric current using a magnet and copper wire, developing an idea for an electromagnetic field. This was the basis for developing a generator and electric motors. He showed how one could induce electricity, using changes in the electromagnetic field. His work was fundamental, for it provided a way to created inventions such as transformers and telegraphs. Faraday was also instrumental in developing electric vocabulary, with words such as cathode and anode. He discovered how one could generate a lot of electricity through induction. Faraday’s work was instrumental in enhancing an understanding of electricity, and it enabled people to find different ways of applying electricity. Hippolyte Pixii created the first dynamo, enabling the delivery of power to industries in 1832 (Oracle, n. d.). Georg Simon Ohm created Ohm’s law, and he proved that there is a relationship between current, resistance, and voltage. He discovered that the current flowing through metal is proportional to the voltage. Increasing or reducing the voltage changes the current by the same proportion, although the resistance does not change. This gave rise to the formula: voltage=current*resistance. This study gave other people the chance to invent other electrical items such as the electric bulb. People used electric lighting in arc lamps. Joseph swan invented the incandescent light bulb in 1878, and this was followed by Thomas Edison’s discovery. Later, Swan and Edison worked together to produce a practical filament lamp. Edison believed in the power of direct current, and he used it in his office. Later, he used the direct current to light street electric lamps. Nikola Tesla discovered a way to produce alternating current in place of the direct current. The AC had more benefits than th e DC. It allowed for the transmission of electricity that had high voltages through transformers (Electricity Forum, 2012). There is a greater understanding of electricity today than there has ever been in history. People have worked out various ways to produce and use it. Many appliances today run on electricity, and it would be hard to imagine a world without it. Electricity has enabled the growth of many sectors in the economy, since it is used to operate many appliances and machineries. Unlike many other inventions, it is hard to point out an individual or period for the invention of electricity. Many people contributed to making electricity what it is today. They were interested in its composition, usage, measurement, and storage. Great minds worked for long periods to enhance the knowledge of history, and no single individual can take the credit. These people ranged from different periods in history, and from different countries. References: Baigrie, S. B. (2007). Electricity and magnetism: A historical perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group Cregan, E. (2009). Electromagnetism. North Mankato, MN: Capstone Press Electricity Forum. (2012). Electricity history. Retrieved from electricityforum.com/electricity-history.html Leavitt, J. A., Fisher, A. (2011). Who really discovered electricity. North Mankato, MN: Capstone Press Oracle (n. d.). The history of electricity. retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/6064/history.html